C#6: Using Static Types and Extension Methods

This week I thought I would continue from the last couple of posts on the new language features introduced in C#6 and look at the changes to the `using` keyword.

Up until the latest syntax, `using` was overloaded in three different ways1.

  1. To import types from a specific namespace, reducing the need to fully quality those types when referencing them in subsequent code.
    using System.Collections;
  2. To alias namespaces and types in order to resolve ambiguities when types share a name but different namespaces.
    using Drawing = System.Windows.Drawing; // Namespace alias
    using RectangleShape = System.Windows.Shapes.Rectangle; // Type alias
    
  3. To define a scope at the end of which an object will be disposed
    using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
    {
        // Stuff using the stream
    }

With C#6 comes an additional overload that allows us to import methods from within a specific static class. By specifying the `static` keyword after `using`, we can give the name of a static class containing the members we want to import. Doing this allows us to reference the methods as though they were members of our class.

Using Static

Consider `System.Math`; prior to this updated syntax, using the various methods on the `System.Math` class would require either specifying the fully qualifed type name, `System.Math` or, if `using System` were specified, just the type name, `Math`. Now, by specifying `using static System.Math` we can reference the methods of the `Math` class as though they were members of the class invoking them (without a `System.Math` or `Math` prefix). In this example, `Math.Abs()` is called as just `Abs()`.

using static System.Math;

public class MyClass
{
    public void DoStuff(int value)
    {
        var absoluteValue = Abs(value);
        Console.WriteLine(absoluteValue);
    }
}

As with other additions in C#6, this seems to be aimed at improving developer productivity as it leads to less overall typing when using the methods of a static class. However, the new `using static` syntax also allows for very targeted inclusion of static classes without the rest of their containing namespace, previously only possible with an alias, such as `using Math = System.Math`. This targeting ability, while not really adding anything for regular static methods, makes a significant difference for extension methods.

Extension Methods

As you probably know, extension methods are just fancy static methods, they can even be invoked as would a regular static method. However, extension methods can also be invoekd as though they where member methods of a variable or literal value. For example, both the following examples compile to the same code (assuming we have an enumerable called `list`).

list.Where(x <= 5);
Enumerable.Where(list, x <= 5);

However, before the `using static` syntax, including extension methods was a bit uncontrolled. If you wanted the extension methods in `System.Linq.Enumerable`, you had to include the entire `System.Linq` namespace; there was no way to include only the `Enumerable` static class. In some circumstances, this inability to include just the static class led to annoying type name clashes and occasionally unexpected overload resolution ambiguities or surprises. Now, with `using static` we can specify the exact class of extension methods we want to include and ignore the rest of the containing namespace.

With all that said, there is a notable difference between including regular methods of a static class and extension methods of a static class when importing via `using static <namespace>.<static class>`2.

Subtle Difference

When a static class is imported with `using static`, the way a method can be invoked depends on whether it is an extension method or not. For example, imagine we have a static class called `MyStaticClass` and it has a regular3 static method on it called `Print` that takes a `string`. When included via `using static`, `Print` could be used like this:

void Main()
{
    MyStaticClass.Print("this string");
    // or...
    Print("this string");
}

However, if instead `Print` were an extension method on type `string`, including `MyStaticClass` via `using static` would limit `Print` to being used like this:

void Main()
{
    MyStaticClass.Print("this string");
    // or...
    "this string".Print();
}

Note how in both examples , `Print` can be invoked as a traditional static method when the containing type is referenced, as in `MyStaticClass.Print()`, but their invocation varies when `using static` imports the class. In that second scenario, non-extension static methods are invoked as though they are methods on the current type, where as extension methods are invoked only as though they are methods on a variable. For the extension method version of `Print`, the following is not allowed:

Print("this string");

To use this argument-style syntax with an extension method, we must resort to the same syntax we would have used before `using static`, specifying the type name before the method:

MyStaticClass.Print("this string");

Though I feel it is clear and intuitive, this is a subtle difference worth understanding, as it can lead to breaking changes. Consider if you were refactoring the methods of a static class from extension method to regular static method or vice versa, and that class were imported somewhere with `using static`; any invocations that were not prefixed with the static class name would fail to compile.

In Conclusion

Overall, I like the new `using static` syntax; I believe the differences in method invocation from how static class methods are normally invoked makes sense and I hope you do too. Like all the other features of C#, there will be times to use this feature and times to let it go in favour of something clearer and more appropriate. For me, the ability to pluck a specific class and its extension methods from a namespace without importing the rest of that namespace is the most useful aspect of `using static` and probably what I will use most. How about you? Do you see yourself adding `using static` to your coding arsenal, or is it going to languish in your scrapbook of coding evil? Do tell.

  1. The MSDN docs say two different ways, but it was clearly three and is now three and a halfish []
  2. However, unlike the subtle difference I highlighted in my last post, thankfully, the compiler will catch this one []
  3. as in not an extension method []

LINQ: Notation, Syntax, and Snags

Welcome to the final post in my four part series on LINQ. So far, we've talked about:

For our last look into LINQ (at least for this mini-series), I want to tackle the mini-war of "dot notation" versus "query syntax", and look at some of the pitfalls that can be avoided by using LINQ responsibly.

Let Battle Commence…

For anyone who has written LINQ using C# (or VB.NET), you are probably aware that there is more than one way to express the query (two of which, sane people might use):

  1. Old school static method calls
  2. Method syntax
  3. Query syntax

No one in their right mind should be using the first of these options; extension methods were invented to alleviate the pain that would be caused by writing LINQ this way1. Extension methods, static methods that can be called as though member methods, are the reason why we have the second option of method syntax (more commonly known as dot notation or fluent notation). The final option, query syntax, is also known as "syntactical sugar", some language keywords that can make coding easier. These keywords map to concepts found in LINQ methods and query syntax is what gives LINQ it's name; Language INtegrated Query2.

They all map to the same thing, a sequence of methods that can be executed, or translated into an expression tree, evaluated by a LINQ provider, and executed. Anything written in one of these approaches can be written using the others. There is often contention on whether to use dot notation or query syntax, as if one is inherently better than the other, but as we all know, only the Sith deal in absolutes3.  Hopefully, by the end of these examples you will see how each has its merits.

Why are LINQ queries not always called like regular methods?

Because sometimes, such as in LINQ-to-SQL or LINQ-to-Entity Framework, the method calls need to be translated into SQL or some other querying syntax, allowing queries to take advantage of server-side querying optimizations. For a more in-depth look at all things LINQ, including the way the language keywords map to the method calls, I recommend looking at Jon Skeet's Edulinq series, which is available as a handy e-book.

Before we begin, here is a quick summary of the C# keywords that we have for writing queries in query syntax: `from`, `group`, `orderby`, `let`, `join`, `where` and `select`.  There are also contextual keywords to be used in conjunction with one or two of the main keywords:`in`, `into`, `ascending`, `descending`, `by`, `on` and `equals`. Each of these keywords has a corresponding equivalent method or methods in LINQ although it can sometimes be a little more complicated as we shall see.

So, let us look at an example and see how it can be expressed using dot notation and query syntax4). For an example, let us look at a simple projection of people to their last names.

public struct Person
{
    public Person(string first, string last, DateTimeOffset dateOfBirth) : this()
    {
        FirstName = first;
        LastName = last;
        DateOfBirth = dateOfBirth;
    }
    
    public string FirstName { get; private set; }
    public string LastName { get; private set; }
    public DateTimeOffset DateOfBirth { get; private set; }
}

public static class Data
{
    public static IEnumerable<Person> People = new[] {
        new Person("John", "Smith", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 34 )),
        new Person("Bill", "Smith", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 20 )),
        new Person("Sarah", "Allans", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 19 )),
        new Person("John", "Johnson", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 44 )),
        new Person("James", "Jones", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 78 )),
        new Person("Alex", "Jones", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 30 )),
        new Person("Mabel", "Thomas", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 29 )),
        new Person("Sarah", "Brown", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 23 )),
        new Person("Gareth", "Smythe", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 100 )),
        new Person("Gregory", "Drake", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 90 )),
        new Person("Michael", "Johnson", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 56 )),
        new Person("Alex", "Smith", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 22 )),
        new Person("William", "Pickwick", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 17 )),
        new Person("Marcy", "Dickens", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 18 )),
        new Person("Erica", "Waters", DateTimeOffset.Now - TimeSpan.FromDays( 365 * 26 ))
    };
}
Data.People.Select(p => p.LastName);
from person in Data.People
select person.LastName;

These two queries do the exact same thing, but I find that the dot notation wins out because it takes less typing and it looks clearer. However, if we decide we want to only get the ones that were born before 1980, things look a little more even.

Data.People
    .Where(p => p.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980)
    .Select(p => p.LastName)
from person in Data.People
where person.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980
select person.LastName;

Here, there is not much difference between them, so I'd probably leave this to personal preference5. However, as soon as we want a distinct list, the dot notation starts to win out again because C# does not contain a `distinct` keyword (though VB.NET does).

Mixing dot notation and query syntax in a single query can look messy, as shown here:

(from person in Data.People
where person.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980
select person.LastName).Distinct()

So, I prefer to settle on just one style of LINQ declaration for any particular query, or to use intermediate variables and separate the query into parts (this is especially useful on complex queries as it also provides clarity; being terse is cool, but it is unnecessary, and a great way to get people to hate you and your code).

Data.People
    .Where(p => p.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980)
    .Select(p => p.LastName)
    .Distinct();
var lastNames = from person in Data.People
                where person.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980
                select person.LastName;
lastNames.Distinct();

The `Distinct()` method is not the only LINQ method that has no query syntax alternative, there are plenty of others like `Aggregate()`, `Except()`, or `Range()`. This often means dot notation wins out or is at least part of a query written in query syntax. So, thus far, dot notation seems to have the advantage in the battle against query syntax. It is starting to look like some of my colleagues are right, query syntax sucks. Even if we use ordering or grouping, dot notation seems to be our friend or at least is no more painful than query syntax:

Data.People
    .OrderBy (p => p.LastName)
    .ThenBy (p => p.FirstName)
    .GroupBy(p=>p.DateOfBirth.Year);
from person in Data.People
orderby person.LastName,
        person.FirstName
group person by person.DateOfBirth.Year;

However, it is not always so easy. What if we want to introduce variables, group something other than the original object, or use more than one source collection? It is in these scenarios where query syntax irons a lot more of the complexity. Let's assume we have another collection containing newsletters that we need to send out to all our people. To generate the individual mailings, we would need to combine these two collections6.

Data.People.SelectMany(
    person => newsletters,
    (person, newsletter) => new {person,newsletter} );
from person in Data.People
from newsletter in newsletters
select new {person, newsletter};

I know which one is clearer to read and easier to remember when I need to write a similar query. The dot notation example makes me think for a minute what it is doing; projecting each person to the newsletters collection and, using `SelectMany()`, flattening the list then selecting one result per person/newsletter combination. Our query syntax example is doing the same thing, but I don't need to think too hard to see that. Query syntax is starting to look useful.

If we were to throw in some mid-query variables (useful to avoid calculating something multiple times or to improve clarity), or join collections, query syntax becomes really useful. What if each newsletter is on a different topic and we only want to send newsletters to people who are interested in that topic?

people.SelectMany(
    person => person.Value,
    ( person, topic ) => new
    {
        person,
        topic
    } ).Join(
        newsletters,
        t => t.topic,
        newsletter => newsletter.Value,
        ( t, newsletter ) => new
        {
            t.person,
            newsletter
        } );
from person in Data.People
from topic in person.Topics
join newsletter in newsletters on topic equals newsletter.Topic
select new {person, newsletter};

I know for sure I would need to go look up how to do that in dot notation7. Query syntax is an easier way to write more complex queries like this and provided that you understand your query chain, you can declare clear, performant queries.

 

In conclusion…

In this post I have attempted to show how both dot notation and query syntax (aka fluent notation) have their vices and their virtues, and in turn, armed you with the knowledge to choose wisely.

So, think about whether someone can read and maintain what you have written. Break down complex queries into parts. Consider moving some things to lazily evaluated methods. Understand what you are writing; if you look at it and have to think about why it works, it probably needs reworking. Always favour clarity and simplicity over dogma and cleverness; to draw inspiration from Jurassic Park, even though you could, stop to think whether you should.

LINQ is a complex feature of C# and .NET (and all the other .NET languages) and there are many things I have not covered. So, if you have any questions, please leave a comment. If I can't answer it, I will hopefully be able to direct you to someone who can. Alternatively, check out Edulinq by the inimitable Jon Skeet, head over to StackOverflow where there is an Internet of people waiting to help (including Jon Skeet), or get binging (googling, yahooing, altavistaring, whatever…)8.

And that brings us to the end of this series on LINQ. From deferred execution and the query chain to dot notation versus query syntax, I hope that I have managed to paint a favourable picture of LINQ, and helped to clear up some of the prejudices and confusions that surround it. LINQ is a powerful weapon in the arsenal of a .NET programmer; to not use it, would be a waste.

  1. Just the thought of the nested method calls or high number of placeholder variables makes me shudder []
  2. I guess LIQ was too suggestive for Microsoft []
  3. That statement is an absolute, Obi Sith Kenobi []
  4. I am definitely leaving the nested static methods approach to you as an exercise (in futility []
  5. Though if you changed the `person` variable to `p`, there is less typing in the query syntax , if that is a metric you are concerned with []
  6. Yes, a nested `foreach` can achieve this simple example, but this is just illustrative, and I'd argue cleaner than a `foreach` approach []
  7. That's why I cheated and wrote it in query syntax, then used Resharper to change it to dot notation for me []
  8. Back in my day, it was called searching…grumble grumble []