C#6: Support for .NET Framework 2.0 to 4.5

A colleague of mine, Eric Charnesky, asked me if C#6 language features would work in .NET Framework versions other than 4.6. I was pretty confident that the features were almost all1 just syntactical seasoning, I thought I would find out.

The TL;DR is yes, C#6 features will work when compiled against .NET 2.0 and above, with a few caveats.

  1. Async/await requires additional classes to be defined since the Task Parallel Library, `IAwaitable` and other types were not part of .NET 2.0.
  2. The magic parts of string interpolation need some types to be defined (thanks to Thomas Levesque for catching this oversight).
  3. Extension methods need the declaration of `System.Runtime.CompilerServices.ExtensionAttribute` so that the compiler can mark static methods as extension methods.

Rather than just try .NET 4.5, I decided to go all the way back to .NET 2.0 and see if I could write and execute a console application that used all the following C#6 features:

The code I used is not really important, though I have included it at the end of this post if you want to see what I did. The only mild stumbling block was the lack of obvious extension method support in .NET 2.0. However, extension methods are a language-only feature; all that is needed to make it work is an attribute that the compiler can use to mark methods as extension methods. Since .NET 2.0 doesn't have this attribute, I added it myself.

Exclusions

You might have noticed that I did not verify a couple of things. First, I left out the use of `await` in `try`/`catch` blocks. This is because .NET 2.0 does not include the BCL classes that the compiler expects when generating the state machines that drive async code. You might be able to find a third-party implementation that would add support, but my brief3 search was fruitless. That said, this feature will definitely work in .NET 4.5 as it is an update to how the compiler builds the code.

Second, I did not intentionally test the improved overload resolution. The improvements mostly seem to relate to resolution involving overloads that take method groups and nullable types. Unfortunately, in .NET 2.0 there was were no `Func` delegate types nor nullable value types (UPDATE: Nullable types totally existed in .NET 2.0 and C#2; thanks to Thomas Levesque for pointing out my strange oversight here – I blame the water), making it difficult to craft an example that would demonstrate this improvement. However, overload resolution affects how the compiler selects which method to use for a particular call site. Once the compiler has made the selection, it is fixed within the compiled output and as such, the version of the .NET framework has no bearing on whether the resolution is correct4.

Did it work?

With the test code written, I compiled and ran it. A console window flickered and Visual Studio returned. The code had run but I had forgotten to put anything in there that would give me chance to read the output. So, I dropped a breakpoint in at the end, and then ran it under the debugger. As I had suspected it might, everything worked.

Testing under .NET 2.0 runtime on Windows XP
Testing under .NET 2.0 runtime on Windows XP

Then I realised I was still executing it on a machine that had .NET 4.6 and therefore the .NET 4 runtime; would it still work under the .NET 2 runtime? So, I cracked open5 a Windows XP virtual machine from modern.ie and ran it again. It didn't work, because Windows XP did not come with .NET 2.0 installed (it wasn't even included in any of the service packs), so I installed it and tried once more. As I had suspected it might, everything worked.

In conclusion

If you find yourself still working with old versions of the .NET framework or the .NET runtime, you can still use and benefit from most features of C#6. I hope my small effort here is helpful. If you have anything to add, please comment.

Here Lies The Example Code6

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using static System.Math;

namespace System.Runtime.CompilerServices
{
    [AttributeUsage( AttributeTargets.Method )]
    public class ExtensionAttribute : Attribute
    {
    }
}

namespace CSharp6andNET2
{
    internal class Program
    {
        public delegate bool Filter( ArgumentException ex, string argName );

        public bool DoFilter( Filter test, ArgumentException ex, string argName )
        {
            return test( ex, argName );
        }

        private static void Main( string[] args )
        {
            Filter x = ( ArgumentException ex, string argName ) => ex.ParamName == argName;
            for ( int count = 0; count < 2; count++ )
            {
                try
                {
                    ExceptionFilterTest( count == 0 );
                }
                catch ( ArgumentException e ) when (x( e, "argumentName" ))
                {
                    Console.WriteLine( "Logged filtered exception" );

                    var test = new TestClass();
                    Console.WriteLine(
                        $"{nameof( test.Count )}: {test.Count}, {nameof( test.Count2 )}: {test.Count2}{nameof( test.Count3 )}: {test.Count3}, {nameof( test.Count4 )}: {test.Count4( 1 )}" );

                    var list = new List<int>
                    {
                        "9",
                        "25",
                        "36",
                        16,
                        4,
                        64
                    };

                    Console.WriteLine( "List" );
                    foreach ( var n in list )
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine( Sqrt( n ) );
                    }

                    var dictionary = new Dictionary<int, string>
                    {
                        [ 4 ] = "Test",
                        [ 2 ] = null,
                        [ 45 ] = null,
                        [ 34 ] = null,
                        [ 200 ] = null,
                        [ 16 ] = "Another test"
                    };

                    foreach ( var k in dictionary )
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine( $"{k.Key}: {k.Value?.Substring( 0, 3 )}" );
                    }
                }
                catch ( Exception )
                {
                    Console.WriteLine( "Logged exception" );
                }
            }
        }

        private static void ExceptionFilterTest( bool filterable )
        {
            if ( filterable ) throw new ArgumentException( "Exception", "argumentName" );

            throw new Exception( "Exception" );
        }
    }

    internal static class Extensions
    {
        public static void Add( this List<int> list, string value )
        {
            list.Add( Int32.Parse( value ) );
        }
    }

    internal class TestClass
    {
        public int Count { get; } = 6;
        public int Count2 { get; set; } = 6;
        public int Count3 => 6;
        public int Count4( int x ) => x + 6;
    }
}

 

  1. Async/await requires the TPL classes in the BCL, extension methods need the ExtensionAttribute, and exception filters require some runtime support []
  2. The Elvis's []
  3. very brief []
  4. I realise many of the C#6 features could be left untested for similar reasons since almost all are compiler changes that do not need framework support, but testing it rather than assuming it is kind of the point []
  5. Waited an hour for the IE XP virtual machine to download and then get it running []
  6. Demonstrable purposes only; if you take this into production, on your head be it []

C#6: String Interpolation

Continuing the trend of my recent posts looking at the new features of C#6, this week I want to look at string interpolation.

Prior to C#6, string interpolation (or string formatting) was primarily the domain of the .NET framework and calls like `string.Format()` and `StringBuilder.AppendFormat()`1 as in the following example:

var aString = "AString";
var formatString = string.Format("The string, '{0}', has {1} characters.", aString, aString.Length);

With string interpolation in C#6, this can be written as:

var aString = "AString";
var formatString = $"The string, {aString}, has a {aString.Length} characters.";

This is a little easier to read while also reducing what has to be typed to achieve the desired result. The contents of the braces are evaluated as strings and inserted into the resultant string. Under the hood, this example compiles down to the same `string.Format` call that was made in the earlier example. The same composite formatting power is there to specify things like significant figures and leading zeroes. If you need a culture-invariant string, there is a handy static method in the new `System.FormattableString` class called `Invariant()`. If you wrap your string with this `Invariant()` method, you will get the string formatted against the invariant culture.

Magic

Of course, to end the story there without discussing the compiler magic would do a disservice to this new feature. In the example above, the result of the interpolation was stored in a variable with type `var`. This means the type is inferred by the compiler, which infers `string` and then performs appropriate compiler operations to turn our interpolated string into a call to `string.Format()`. This means that we don't have to do anything else to use this feature and get formatted strings. However, we can make the compiler do something different by rewriting the line like this2:

FormattableString formatString = $"The string, {aString}, has a {aString.Length} characters.";

We have now specified that we are using a variable of type `FormattableString`. With this declaration, the compiler changes its behavior and we get a `FormattedString` object that represents the interpolated string. From this object, we can get the `Format` string that could be passed to a call that takes a format string, such as `string.Format()` (there are several others in types like `Console`, `StringBuilder`, and `TextWriter`). We can also retrieve the number of arguments3 in the string using `ArgumentCount`, and use `GetArgument()` and `GetArguments()` to retrieve the values of those arguments. Using a combination of `Format` and `GetArguments()`, we can pass this information to a different call that might reuse or extend it to produce a different message. Finally, we can use the `ToString()` call to specify an `IFormatProvider`, allowing us to format the string according to a specific culture.

By telling the compiler that we want a `FormattableString` we get all this extra information to use as we see fit. If you look at the arguments using either of the `Get..` methods, you will see that the values have already been evaluated, so you can be assured that they won't change as you process the string. I'm sure there are situations where you might find this additional access to the formatting invaluable, such as when creating compound error messages, or perhaps doing some automatic language translation.

In conclusion…

There's not much else for me to say about C#6's string interpolation except to highlight one gotcha that I have hit a couple of times. The next two examples should illustrate appropriately:

Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.Now}: I'm writing DateTime.Now to the console");
Console.WriteLine("{DateTime.Now}: I'm writing DateTime.Now to the console");

Here is what these two examples will output:

9/8/2015 11:11:43 AM: I'm writing DateTime.Now to the console.
{DateTime.Now}: I'm writing DateTime.Now to the console.

It's hard to argue with either of them, after all, they both wrote an interpretation of `DateTime.Now` to the console, but the first one is perhaps a more useful output4.

So why did the second example not work? You may have already spotted the answer to that question, especially if you're a VB programmer; it's the `$` at the start of the first example's string.  This `$` tells the compiler that we are providing a string for interpolation. It's an easy thing to miss and if you forget it (or perhaps, in rare cases, add it erroneously) you'll likely only spot the mistake through thorough testing5 or customer diligence6. As always, learn the failure points and work to mitigate them with code reviews and tests. I suspect the easiest mitigation may be to always use the interpolation style strings unless a situation demands otherwise.

And that's it for this week. What do you think of the new string interpolation support? Will you start using it? If not, why not? Do you have any cool ideas for leveraging the additional information provided by `FormattableString`? Please share in the comments.

If you're interested in my other posts on some of the new things introduced by C#6, here are links to posts I have written thus far:

  1. The `+` operator can be used in conjunction with `ToString()` but it can get messy to read and is very hard to localize []
  2. We could also cast the interpolated string to `FormattableString` and leave the variable as `var`. []
  3. Each inserted value is an argument []
  4. Except when providing examples in a blog []
  5. Unit tests or otherwise []
  6. Write automated tests and test manually; let's not use customers as QA []